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Make your writing clear - 與ISE編輯Lisa Clancy博士一起學(xué)科技論文寫作技巧
作者:ISE    來(lái)源:   時(shí)間:2020-06-28   訪問(wèn)量: 1179  

讓你的寫作更清楚 , Make your writing clear —— 今天我們與國(guó)際科學(xué)編輯ISE資深編輯Lisa Clancy博士一起學(xué)習(xí)科技論文寫作技巧。

1. Make your writing clear

說(shuō)清楚

例如 T he observed changes in the gut microbiota caused inflammation in the mice.

上面這句話表明討論的兩者有直接的因果關(guān)系,但如果這是一項(xiàng)觀察性研究;這兩種結(jié)果可能同時(shí)出現(xiàn),但沒(méi)有直接的因果關(guān)系。如果是這樣的話,這句話應(yīng)該這樣措辭:

The observed changes in the gut microbiota were associated with inflammation in the mice.

明確代詞

代詞是指代其他名詞的詞。包括it, which, this, that和they。代詞所指的名詞應(yīng)該讓讀者明白。

例如 Streptavidin binds biotin, which enables detection.

上面這句話不清楚 which 指的是: streptavidin, biotin 或 the binding of streptavidin to biotin.

為了澄清,這句話可以改寫為

Streptavidin binds biotin, and this binding enables detection.

或更直接地改為

Binding of streptavidin to biotin enables detection.

2. Make your writing specific

用具體的描述

例如 The treatment improved serum LDL levels. ( 治 療 改善了血清 LDL 水平 )

這種改善意味著增加還是減少還不清楚。這句話換作 The treatment decreased serum LDL levels. ( 治 療 降低了血清 LDL 水平 )

提供量化

描述數(shù)量時(shí)避免模糊的描述。

例如 Nearly half a dozen studies have been performed.

上面這句話可以更具體,可以改成: Five studies have been performed.

盡可能對(duì)模糊的描述進(jìn)行量化。例如, Lung cancer is highly deadly.

可以改成

Lung cancer is the primary cause of cancer death worldwide, accounting for 1.8 million deaths in 2018.

3. Use simple language

刪除不要的單詞

改寫冗長(zhǎng)的句子,更直接地表達(dá)你的意思。

例如, Our results showed that the compound had a significant promotion effect towards cell proliferation.

可以改成

The compound significantly promoted cell proliferation.

另一個(gè)例子,

Due to the fact that we observed an obvious association between the agonism of PKC signaling and decreased glucose levels, it is tempting to speculate that PKC signaling may play a modulatory role in regulating gluconeogenesis.

可以改成

Because PKC signaling agonism decreased glucose levels, PKC signaling might potentially modulate gluconeogenesis.

避免冗余

同樣的信息不應(yīng)該在相鄰的句子中重復(fù)。

例如, We observed that the levels of complex formation increased as the temperature increased. Therefore, complex formation is directly related to temperature.

第二句可以刪除,因?yàn)檫@兩句描述的是相同的直接關(guān)系。

4. Use sentence structure to guide readers

把主題放在句子的開(kāi)頭,并考慮讓主題成為動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)

這樣的句子結(jié)構(gòu)有助于向讀者闡明句子的主題。例如, The treatment decreased symptoms. 這句話給讀者的印象是強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)于treatment的。

相比之下, The symptoms were decreased by the treatment.

這句話給讀者的印象是強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)于symptoms的。

在句子的開(kāi)頭引用你已經(jīng)介紹過(guò)的概念,在句子的末尾放置新信息。

這樣的句子結(jié)構(gòu)有助于通過(guò)句子中呈現(xiàn)的信息引導(dǎo)讀者。引用在句子開(kāi)頭已經(jīng)提到過(guò)的東西可以幫助讀者理解這個(gè)句子和之前的句子之間的關(guān)系。把新信息放在句尾(有時(shí)也稱為“重音位置”)向讀者強(qiáng)調(diào)信息。

例如,在下面的句子中

Promising results in cancer treatment have been achieved through immunotherapy. Patients often do not respond to immunotherapy, and therefore it is not used as a first-line treatment.

第一句沒(méi)有明確說(shuō)明主題是免疫療法(immunotherapy),因?yàn)槊庖忒煼ㄖ钡骄淠┎沤榻B。第二句話的開(kāi)頭描述了病人缺乏反應(yīng)(Patients often do not respond to immunotherapy),這似乎與第一句所描述的有希望的結(jié)果相矛盾。因此,讀者可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)信息難以理解。

同樣的信息可以更清楚地表述為

Immunotherapy has shown promising results in cancer treatment. However, immunotherapy is not used as a first-line treatment because patients often do not respond to it.

這里,第一句話確定了主題是免疫療法。第二個(gè)句子用“however”這個(gè)詞來(lái)暗示與讀者的對(duì)比,與第一個(gè)句子相連的是提到免疫療法,然后提供了關(guān)于治療效果的新信息。這個(gè)故事對(duì)讀者來(lái)說(shuō)更容易理解。

5. Phrase comparisons clearly

關(guān)于比較的一些單詞

如果你使用比較詞(比如以-er結(jié)尾的詞,more和less),一定要明確比較的是什么。

例如 Lung cancer has a higher mortality rate.

這句話就講的不清楚,因?yàn)閱卧~higher表示比較,但是句子沒(méi)有說(shuō)明比較。這個(gè)句子應(yīng)該重寫,以陳述兩個(gè)被比較的東西

Lung cancer has a higher mortality rate than pancreatic cancer.

或者比較級(jí)詞(higher)可以換一種說(shuō)法

Lung cancer has a high mortality rate.

增加和減少

Increase 和decrease應(yīng)用于比較同一組內(nèi)隨時(shí)間變化的數(shù)值,而不用于比較不同組間的數(shù)值差異,

例如,

The baby’s height was decreased compared with the man’s height.

這個(gè)詞用得很笨拙,可能會(huì)錯(cuò)誤地暗示嬰兒和男人一開(kāi)始身高相同,然后嬰兒的身高就下降了。實(shí)際上,它的意思是:

The baby’s height was less than the man’s height.

或者,如果措辭更直接的話,

The baby was shorter than the man.

同樣的原理也適用于在科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)中描述不同的群體。

例如,

The androgen levels were decreased in the female group compared with the male group.

應(yīng)該改為 The androgen levels were lower in the female group than the male group.

但是,當(dāng)一個(gè)組與自身進(jìn)行比較時(shí),可以使用“decreased”,

例如, The androgen levels decreased with age in the female group.

時(shí)間、倍數(shù)或百分比變化

用時(shí)間、倍數(shù)或百分比來(lái)描述變化往往不清楚,措辭應(yīng)謹(jǐn)慎。

說(shuō)明一個(gè)值更改為某個(gè)值與說(shuō)明值因某個(gè)值而更改是不同的。如果正在描述最終值,則應(yīng)該使用to,如果正在描述變化程度,則應(yīng)該使用by。

例如,如果值從100增加到300,可以使用以下描述:

The value increased to three times the initial amount.

[注: threefold 或300% 可代替three times。]

The value increased by two times.

[注: twofold 或 200% 可替代 two times.]

描述減少也有可能不清楚,因?yàn)橐槐?1×/100%的減少將使水平為零。

例如,

The insulin levels in the knockout mice were tenfold (or ten times) lower than the levels in the wild-type mice. (基因敲除小鼠的胰島素水平比野生型小鼠低10倍(或10倍))

沒(méi)有意義。它可以換一種說(shuō)法,

The insulin levels in the knockout mice were 10% those in the wild-type mice. ( 基因敲除小鼠的胰 島 素水平是野生型小鼠的10%)

或者

The insulin levels in the knockout mice were 90% lower than those in the wild-type mice.(基因敲除小鼠的胰島素水平比野生型小鼠低90%)

參考文獻(xiàn):

https://www.internationalscienceediting.com/tips-for-writing-sentences-about-science/

 
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