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詞匯漫談 | 細(xì)數(shù)論文寫作中形近易混的詞
作者： 來源： 時(shí)間：2020-10-27 訪問量： 1195 |
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詞匯 詞匯是語言表達(dá)的基礎(chǔ)。大學(xué)英語四級考試要求掌握4500詞匯量，六級6000，專業(yè)八級13000。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，20歲左右的美國人平均詞匯量大概有42000個(gè)。對于英語非母語的作者來說，詞匯的積累可謂任重道遠(yuǎn)。 而論文寫作的常用詞匯中，偏偏還有一些長得很像、容易混淆的詞。因?yàn)椴⒎瞧磳戝e(cuò)誤，它們還常常能逃過寫作軟件的拼寫檢查?？靵聿亮裂劬?，仔細(xì)辨認(rèn)一下吧！
administer: to manage and organize the affairs of a company, an organization, a country, etc.; to give drugs, medicine, etc. to sb administrate: 盡管某些詞典有這一詞條，同administer的”管理”之義，專家建議盡量不用。 The dose was administered to the child intravenously. 已給那孩子靜脈注射了這一劑量。 The Internet opens up new ways of administrating the tax system. 互聯(lián)網(wǎng)開拓了管理稅收系統(tǒng)的一些新途徑。 adverse:unfavorable; harmful averse:strongly disliking; opposed This drug is known to have adverse side effects. 眾所周知，這種藥具有不良副作用。 He was averse to any change. 他反對任何改變。 advise: (verb) to recommend advice: (noun) recommendation The minister advised him to leave as soon as possible. 部長建議他盡快離開。 Take my advice and stay away from him! 聽我的忠告，離他遠(yuǎn)點(diǎn)！ affect:(verb) to influence, to have an impact on effect:(noun) a result, a consequence; (verb) to bring about, to cause Nicotine adversely affects the functioning of the heart and arteries. 尼古丁對心臟和動脈功能有負(fù)面影響。 The crisis had a negative effect on trade. 這次危機(jī)對貿(mào)易產(chǎn)生了很壞的影響。 alternate: happening or following one after the other regularly alternative: available as another possibility Throughout the night, people alternate between passive and active sleep. 整個(gè)晚上，人的被動和主動睡眠交替進(jìn)行。 New ways to treat arthritis may provide an alternative to painkillers. 治療關(guān)節(jié)炎的新方法可能會提供一種止痛藥的替代品。 all together: all in one place; all at once altogether: completely; on the whole Can you put your books all together in this box? 你能把你的書都放進(jìn)這個(gè)箱子里嗎？ The choice of language is altogether different. 語言的選擇全然不同。 artefact: artificial effect, often due to experimental error artifact: object produced or shaped by human craft But this does not mean China's economic miracle has been just a statistical artefact. 但是這并不意味這中國的經(jīng)濟(jì)奇跡是個(gè)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字假象。 They also repair broken religious artifacts. 他們也修補(bǔ)破損的宗教手工藝品。 bare: naked; not covered bear: (verb) to carry; to put up with The hills above the valley are bare rock. 河谷上面的山是光禿禿的巖石。 The houses bear the marks of bullet holes. 房屋帶有子彈的痕跡。 beside: at the side of, next to besides: other than On the table beside an empty plate was a pile of books. 桌上的空碟子旁擺著一摞書。 We have lots of things in common besides music. 除了音樂，我們還有很多共通點(diǎn)。 born: having started life borne: (bear的過去分詞) carried She was born in the fifties. 她是五十年代出生的。 It must be borne in mind that the victory is hard-won. 須知?jiǎng)倮麃碇灰住? cite: quote or mention site: a place where something is located The officials didn’t cite particular reports. 官員們沒有引用特定的報(bào)道。 The site is off-limits to the general public. 這個(gè)場所不對公眾開放。 classic: an excellent or defining version of something classical: descriptions of things like the civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome or the orchestral music of the 18th and 19th centuries The book is now recognized as a classic. 這本書現(xiàn)在是一部公認(rèn)的經(jīng)典著作。 He plays classical music, as well as pop and jazz. 他演奏流行音樂和爵士樂，同時(shí)也演奏古典音樂。 complement: to add to so as to improve; an improving addition compliment: to praise or express approval; (noun) an admiring remark The team needs players who complement each other. 球隊(duì)需要能夠相互取長補(bǔ)短的隊(duì)員。 You can do no harm by paying a woman compliments. 對女人講恭維話不會有什么害處。 compose: to combine to form a whole comprise: to have sb/sth as parts or members (一些保守派學(xué)者提倡禁用be comprised of，盡管某些詞典承認(rèn)這種用法) Protein molecules compose all the complex working parts of living cells. 蛋白質(zhì)分子構(gòu)成了活細(xì)胞所有復(fù)雜的工作部件。 The collection comprises 327 paintings. 這部畫冊收有327幅畫。 continual: ongoing but with pause or interruption, starting and stopping continuous: ceaseless Life was a continual struggle for them. 生活對他們來說就是不斷的掙扎。 Continuous exposure to sound above 80 decibels could be harmful. 持續(xù)曝露于超過80分貝的聲音可能有害。 discreet:careful not to attract attention discrete: separate and distinct You ought to make a few discreet enquiries before you sign anything. 你應(yīng)該審慎地詢問清楚再簽字。 Atoms are made up of discrete particles. 原子由相互獨(dú)立的粒子組成。 ensure: to make certain that something will happen insure: to provide compensation for death or loss The book ensured his success. 這本書保證了他的成功。 The painting is insured for $1 million. 這幅油畫投了100萬元的保險(xiǎn)。 evoke: to call to mind invoke: to mention a person, a theory, an example, etc. to support your opinions or ideas The music evoked memories of her youth. 這樂曲勾起了她對青年時(shí)代的回憶。 She invoked several eminent scholars to back up her argument. 她援引了幾位赫赫有名的學(xué)者來支持她的論點(diǎn)。 historic: important in history historical: connected with the past The area is of special historic interest. 這個(gè)地區(qū)有特別歷史意義。 You must place these events in their historical context. 必須把這些事件同它們的歷史環(huán)境聯(lián)系起來看。 more important: (adjective phrase) what is more important more importantly: (adverbial phrase) in a more important manner More important, the cancer spread to the liver. 更重要的是，癌癥擴(kuò)散到了肝臟。 In the assessment, the leak was viewed more importantly than it should have been. 在評估中，泄漏事件被看得過于重要了。 nauseated: to feel sick to one’s stomach nauseous: causing one to become sick The fumes caused us to become nauseated. 這廢氣讓我們感到惡心。 The fumes are nauseous. 這廢氣令人作嘔。 principal: most important; the head of a school principle: a fundamental rule or belief The principal reason for this omission is lack of time. 跳過它的主要原因是時(shí)間不足。 There are three fundamental principles of teamwork. 團(tuán)隊(duì)合作有三個(gè)基本原則。 它們是不是都長得很像？就連母語是英語的作者有時(shí)都會將這些形近詞弄錯(cuò)呢。 積累詞匯有很多方法，比如定期閱讀研究領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的前沿?zé)狳c(diǎn)文章。不過經(jīng)驗(yàn)告訴我們，科技詞匯不止會出現(xiàn)在科技類文章中，廣泛地閱讀不僅能擴(kuò)展知識面，更能擴(kuò)展詞匯量。 你能想象下面一段摘自莎士比亞《羅密歐與朱麗葉》的文字中出現(xiàn)了很多科技詞匯嗎？
羅密歐與朱麗葉 “Love is a smoke raised with the fume of sighs; Being purged, a fire sparkling in lovers’ eyes; Being vex’d, a sea nourish’d with lovers’ tears; What is it else? A madness most discreet; A choking gall and a preserving sweet.” (小編試譯： 愛是戀人輕嘆升起的煙； 洗盡鉛華，燃作眼中閃耀的火焰； 偶遇憂傷，散落一片淚染的海洋； 愛是什么？ 愛是最審慎的癲狂； 是難以下咽的苦膽， 也是不舍吃掉的蜜糖。） Cigarette smoke contains hundreds of different chemicals. 香煙的煙霧含有上百種不同的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。 Traffic fumes are a major source of air pollution. 交通廢氣是大氣污染的主要來源。 Many medicines are available to purge the intestines. 許多藥物可以使腸胃通暢。 Why do diamonds sparkle? 鉆石為什么如此光彩奪目？ Poorly nourished children will fail to grow. 營養(yǎng)不良的兒童無法正常成長。 Companies try to be discreet about their projects to prevent competitors from gaining an advantage. 企業(yè)須盡可能謹(jǐn)慎地實(shí)施項(xiàng)目以避免給對手可乘之機(jī)。 Pumps in nuclear reactors often have a choke to regulate the water supply. 核反應(yīng)堆中的水泵通常設(shè)有閥門以調(diào)節(jié)供水。 Gall is a body fluid which is required to digest fat in the human intestine. 膽汁是一種分解人體腸道內(nèi)脂肪的體液。 Very low temperatures preserved the body of the Tyrolean ice-man. 超低溫使蒂羅爾冰人的尸體得以保存完好。 看到了嗎？這就是你跟莎士比亞的差別。我指的不是詞匯量。
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